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Avesta – Zoroastrian Archives
Resource
Comprehensive online resource, including complete text of the extant Avesta, and extensive links.
California Zoroastrian Center (CZC)
Resource
Located in Westminster, California, this is the largest Zoroastrian center outside of Iran, India, and Pakistan; publishes the Zoroastrian Journal.
Federation of Zoroastrian Associations of North America (FEZANA)
Resource
Umbrella organization serving the Zoroastrian community in the U.S. and Canada.
First Encounters: Native Americans and Christians
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Diverse Native American religions and cultures existed before and after the arrival of European colonialists. In the 16th to 17th centuries, Spanish conquistadores and French fur traders were generally more violent to Native Americans than were the...
Establishment or Tolerance?
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Many American colonies were founded by dissenting or establishment English religious sects that sought to practice their own traditions freely but were, in some cases, less lenient toward other sects. Rhode Island and Pennsylvania, founded by Roger...
The "Free Exercise" of Religion
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In colonial and revolutionary Virginia, James Madison argued for the “free exercise” of religion and Thomas Jefferson opposed the “establishment” or government support of religion. Such measures were included in the U.S. Constitution, particularly in the...
African Religion in America
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Africans forced into slavery in America brought with them a diverse range of African polytheistic and Muslim religious traditions. These traditions were often syncretized with one another and with Christianity in America. The diverse American religious...
Alternative Altars
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Many new religions and religious sects were founded in America in the mid-19th century, including Transcendentalism, Spiritualism, Christian Science, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and Scientology. Many of these new religions arose out...
Catholic and Jewish Immigrants
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New immigration to the United States in the 19th century changed the American religious landscape and sparked nativist, anti-immigration responses. Irish immigration led to anti-Catholic sentiment, and Jewish immigration to antisemitism. Later, Italian...
Asians and Asian Exclusion
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Chinese and then Japanese immigration to California in the 19th century was met with much nativist racism, suspicion, and negative stereotyping. Asian wives and families were not allowed to immigrate with working men, leading to a large male population...
Parliament of Religions, 1893
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The World’s Parliament of Religions convened in Chicago as part of the 1893 World's Fair. Its goal was to bring together world religious leaders on common ground. The event introduced many Americans to the world’s religions. However, some critiqued the...